Grenfell Tower Fire London Inquiry Report, Building photos, Property safety review, Expert witness
Grenfell Tower Fire West London
Hackitt Interim Report: Block of Flats Development in North Kensington, British Capital City, England, UK
RIBA responds to Grenfell Inquiry Phase 2 report
The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) has issued its initial response to the Grenfell Inquiry’s Phase 2 Report, published today, Wednesday 4 September 2024.
4 September 2024
Grenfell Tower Inquiry Report Reaction
RIBA Chair of Board Jack Pringle said:
“We welcome this thorough examination of the causes of the tragedy at Grenfell Tower and accept the report’s findings.
It is only through the objective, independent and expert analysis of the evidence so sadly created by the events of 14 June 2017 that a safer built environment can emerge.
The failures which led to the fire were system-wide, with myriad contributing factors in the years preceding, on the morning of, and in the aftermath of the tragedy.
The report makes clear that people’s safety requires reform of structures and regulations. This includes systemic change within the construction industry, and a fundamental shift in culture and behaviours. This is a collaborative endeavour and RIBA has committed to playing a leading role.
As the Inquiry also notes, RIBA has taken steps since June 2017 to improve education and training in our profession. With the benefit of these comprehensive findings, and as recommended, we will review the measures already introduced.
Many of the report’s insights and recommendations, particularly on the role and responsibilities of an architect, have great relevance for our members. We will take time to study them in detail, update our members, and continue to play an active role in the creation of a safer built environment.”
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CIBSE commitment to building safety
CIBSE’s ongoing commitment to building safety following the release of the final Grenfell Tower Inquiry report
London, UK – 4 September 2024 | The release of the final report from the Grenfell Tower Inquiry stands as a significant and poignant moment in the ongoing reckoning with the devastating loss of 72 lives in June 2017. This is a deeply emotional and harrowing chapter for the bereaved, the survivors and the families of the Grenfell Tower victims. CIBSE recognises the suffering that has persisted, and our hearts go out, once more, to all those whose lives were forever altered by this unimaginable tragedy.
CIBSE continues to demonstrate its unwavering commitment to building safety as the final report of the Grenfell Tower Inquiry in now published. CIBSE Technical Director, Dr Anastasia Mylona, commented on the report: “The findings of the Grenfell Inquiry report are both sobering and a stark reminder of the critical need for transparency, integrity and robust regulation within our industry. As the report highlights systemic failures, CIBSE remains committed to driving the necessary reforms in building and fire safety engineering practices. Our role is to ensure that the highest standards are upheld, and that the safety of residents is always the paramount concern in the built environment.”
CIBSE’s proactive measures and involvement:
CIBSE has been actively involved in shaping the future of building safety through various initiatives and contributions:
• Consultation and guidance: CIBSE has been a key player in consultations on draft legislation and guidance, providing expert input to help shape the frameworks that will govern building safety for years to come.
• Building Safety focus at Build2Perform: Last year’s Build2Perform event had a significant focus on building safety, bringing together industry leaders to discuss and collaborate on enhancing safety standards across the sector.
• Support for BS8670: CIBSE supported the British Standards Institution (BSI) in developing BS8670, Core Criteria for Building Safety Competence Frameworks, along with its supporting Publicly Available Specifications (PAS). These documents are vital in setting the standards for safety competence across the industry.
• Active participation in Working Groups and Committees: CIBSE staff and volunteers have been actively involved in various working groups and committees, contributing to the development of new legislation and guidance aimed at improving building safety.
• Enhancing competence standards: CIBSE has been instrumental in supporting the “Raising the Bar” initiative and the updates to UK Spec 4, which include new, enhanced competence requirements published by the Engineering Council. These are aimed at engineers working on Higher Risk Buildings (HRBs) through Contextualised Registration, for which CIBSE is licensed to assess candidates. The Discipline Annex for Building Services, written by CIBSE staff and volunteers, provides further guidance on these enhanced competence requirements.
• Training and education: CIBSE has been proactive in offering training courses, such as the “Introduction to the Building Safety Act,” which has seen strong attendance from professionals across various sectors. These courses provide essential knowledge and insights into the new safety regulations and their implications for the industry.
• Dedicated resource: CIBSE has established a Building Services Fire Safety Working Group to lead and inform the Institution’s technical guidance and responses to government consultations.
As the final report of the Grenfell Tower Inquiry is set to provide further learning points, CIBSE remains committed to driving much-needed change within the industry. The Institution will continue to support its members and the broader construction community in implementing the lessons learned from Grenfell and ensuring that building safety remains a top priority.
About CIBSE
The leading authority on building services engineering and a pioneer in responding to the threat of climate change, CIBSE exists to advance global best practice in the profession.
Through harnessing the expertise of our members, CIBSE represents the profession as a trusted voice to provide advice and guidance to Government on matters relating to construction, engineering and sustainability.
For over 127 years, CIBSE has supported a community of over 22,000 professionals worldwide in their pursuit of excellence in building performance, sustainability and safety to influence the well-being of individuals and communities of today and of future generations. CIBSE members continue to create the most environmentally friendly systems in major projects across the globe.
Find out more about CIBSE via www.cibse.org
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PRP Comment on Report – Block of Flats in North Kensington, London
PRP reacts to the publication of the Grenfell Inquiry Report
Andrew Mellor, Partner at PRP, and Technical Advisor on Building Regulations to the Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government, comments:
“The executive summary of the Grenfell Inquiry Phase 2 report makes damning reading and is critical of several bodies and organisations for their conduct before the tragedy. The full report is expected to be even more so.
“The recommendations for change and improvement are wide and far reaching. If adopted, many of the recommendations will bring significant change, but implementation could take years. As a practice, we welcome the proposal for the ARB and RIBA to review the sufficiency of the competency changes they have already implemented for architects. I have advocated for a single regulator for Building Safety for several years; we do not have that today, even with the Building Safety Regulator.
“The inquiry recommendations go further and propose a single construction regulator responsible for construction product regulations, testing, fire risk assessor accreditations, building control oversight, and the licensing of contractors to work on Higher Risk Buildings (HRB). This is huge and impacts both current responsibilities and those planned for various government departments. While it’s a sensible proposal, it will require a lot of resources to implement. I anticipate it will take at least two years before it can become operational.
“We also welcome the proposal to review all Approved Documents, including Approved Document B fire safety, to ensure clarity and that they are fit for purpose. The proposal for a statement in the statutory guidance documents that says reliance on the guidance will not necessarily ensure compliance with Building Regulations is one that will be worrisome for many designers and contractors.
“The proposed national register of contractors for HRBs will be welcomed by clients. But will many contractors sign up when a director has to personally guarantee that the building constructed is as safe as required by the Building Regulations? We will see.
“There is much more to review, and the full report will need to be thoroughly examined to fully grasp the implications of the findings and recommendations.”
About PRP
PRP is a long-established architectural firm with over 100 awards to its name. An interdisciplinary practice, PRP has been designing since 1963 high quality buildings that enrich the lives of users and their communities.
Whether regenerating inner-city estates, masterplanning new neighbourhoods, designing commercial and industrial buildings or homes for older people, our ethos is always the same – intelligent, responsive and sustainable solutions, delivered with professionalism and total integrity. PRP employs more than 320 staff across its London, Manchester, Surrey, Wroclaw and Sopot studios. PRP is a B Corp Certified company. www.prp-co.uk
photograph by Natalie Oxford, courtesy of wikimedia commons
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Fire Brigades Union Comment on Inquiry Report
Grenfell Tower Inquiry – Fire Brigades Union Comment
The final report of the Grenfell Tower Inquiry will be published next week, Wednesday 4 September.
The Fire Brigades Union is a core participant of the Inquiry and represents the overwhelming majority of firefighters in the UK.
The FBU has raised key issues around:
• Grenfell as a crime of deregulation, caused by political decisions made at the highest level
• Missed opportunities and a culture of complacency leading to the fire, and lack of action since
• The cladding and building safety crisis continuing to put lives at risk
Fire Brigades Union, Bradley House 68, Coombe Road, Kingston upon Thames, KT2 7AE, United Kingdom.
14 June 2022
Grenfell fifth anniversary: firefighter numbers cut since Grenfell
The Fire Brigades Union has revealed that 221 firefighter positions have been cut since Grenfell, as the fifth anniversary of the fire takes place on 14 June.
Grenfell Tower fifth anniversary
Previously on e-architect:
30 March 2022
Grenfell Tower Inquiry: politicians “must take brunt of blame” as they take to the stand
Politicians are set to appear as witnesses at the Grenfell Tower Inquiry for the first time on Wednesday 30 March, amidst calls for the inquiry to highlight the role of governments in creating the system that in turn caused the disaster.
Brandon Lewis MP, now Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, was minister with responsibility for fire from 2012-2014 and again in 2016-17. He will be the first politician to take to the stand, followed by Stephen Williams, Lord Wharton and Gavin Barwell, all of whom were ministers with responsibility for the building regulations in the run up to the disaster. Last will be Eric Pickles, who had overall responsibility for both fire and building safety between 2010 and 2015.
Matt Wrack, general secretary, Fire Brigades Union, said:
“Politicians over successive decades committed to deregulation as a fundamental political idea. They have scrapped standards, privatised public services and weakened the regime of inspecting buildings. They must bear the brunt of the blame for Grenfell. A clear line can be drawn from these political decisions to key failures at Grenfell, with highly flammable cladding and insulation facilitated by a lack of clear regulation.
“In its questioning and its reports the inquiry must highlight the truth – it must expose the role of deregulation and those who pursued it in killing 72 people.”
The politicians being called to give evidence were ministers in David Cameron’s Tory-led government. Cameron pledged to “kill off health and safety culture for good” and committed to delivering £10bn of deregulation (in terms of reducing cost to industry).
Successive governments since 2010 enforced the “Red Tape Challenge” to strip away life-saving laws put in place to protect the public. They introduced rules such as ‘one in, one out’ – then two out and finally in 2016 ‘one in, three out’, to make it very difficult to introduce new safety measures.
Wrack said: “For building safety, civil servants were told that new regulations were off the table and the review of Approved Document B guidance was not a priority. Ministers demanded more privatisation, while weakening local building control with swingeing cuts and edicts for light touch enforcement. They failed to implement the coroner’s recommendations after the Lakanal House fire. They oversaw a building safety regime even their appointed expert Judith Hackitt found was not fit for purpose.
“These ministers used their time in office to promote the privatisation of the fire and rescue service. They forced the sale of the Fire Service College. They tried to force through the ‘mutualisation’ of local fire and rescue services, turning our public service into a business. They told inspectors to go easy on corporations and owners, rather than punish those breaking fire safety law. They imposed the worst cuts in our history, cutting one-in-five operational firefighters while expected our members to do ever-more arduous work.
“It is time to call ministers to account. The buck stops with ministers in charge in the years leading up to the fire.”
30 March 2022
Minister “dismantled the fire service” in years before Grenfell fire
The trade union representing firefighters has highlighted the role of Brandon Lewis in damaging the fire and rescue service in the years preceding Grenfell as he appears before the inquiry.
Brandon Lewis MP was minister with responsibility for fire between 2012 and 2014, and again from 2016 to 2017. Today he is the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. He is appearing to give evidence before the Grenfell Tower Inquiry today, Wednesday 30 March, and is the first politician to do so.
Matt Wrack, general secretary of the Fire Brigades Union, said:
“I watched for years as Brandon Lewis took an axe to the fire and rescue service. Our union warned of the destruction he was risking, yet we were ignored time and time again. He purposefully and persistently dismantled the fire and rescue service, through cuts and a privatisation agenda. In just five years between 2012 and 2017, 20% of firefighting posts were cut across England – that’s one in five firefighters. In London, 10 fire stations closed in 2014. Those cuts have had disastrous consequences across the country, and directly relate to the worst loss of life in a fire since the war.”
Background:
In 2013, Brandon Lewis commissioned an efficiencies review of the fire and rescue service in England by former chief fire and rescue adviser Ken Knight, which recommended saving money through a variety of untested suggestions such as substituting retained (part-time or on-call) firefighters for wholetime crews and was seen by the FBU as “a fig leaf for further cuts to the fire and rescue service”.
Brandon Lewis was also responsible for failing to resolve serious fire safety issues. Prevention and enforcement were weakened, fire safety officers were cut by 25% between 2011 and 2017, and the number of fire safety audits falling by around a third between 2012/13 and 2016/17.
Brandon Lewis appears to have supported privatisation in relation to the fire and rescue service, with a 2013 Daily Mirror story stating the newspaper had obtained a letter by Lewis to the Regulatory Reform committee, in which he called for new laws that “would enable fire and rescue authorities in England to contract out their full range of services to a suitable provider”. He also oversaw the sale of the Fire Service College to Capita, and indicated support for the attempted mutualisation of Cleveland Fire Brigade, saying Cleveland Fire Authority “wants” mutualisation.
Brandon Lewis made statements which were supportive of deregulation in relation to the fire sector, for example telling the 2012 CFOA conference that “I firmly believe that businesses have the right to expect that those enforcing regulatory compliance do so in accordance with the fundamental principles of better regulation” and during a 2014 Westminster Hall debate saying “We believe that it is the responsibility of the fire industry, rather than the Government, to market fire sprinkler systems effectively and to encourage their wider installation”.
Statistics used on England-wide firefighter post cuts – https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/fire1101-previous-data-tables
Statistics on fire and rescue cuts in London – https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/fire1101-previous-data-tables and https://metro.co.uk/2017/06/14/boris-johnson-slashed-londons-fire-services-in-2014-and-told-rival-politician-to-get-stuffed-6708609/
Statistics on fire safety officer numbers – https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/aug/29/englands-fire-services-suffer-25-cut-to-safety-officers-numbers
Statistics on fire safety audits – https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/fire1202-previous-data-tables
Brandon Lewis quote at CFOA conference: Brandon Lewis, Address to the Chief Fire Officers Association Autumn conference, 19-21 September 2012. Quoted in ‘Ministerial address: building for the future’, FIRE, (October 2012: 5)
Sources with regards to Brandon Lewis overseeing sale of the Fire Service College: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/sale-of-the-fire-service-college-completed and https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-gloucestershire-20715276
9 March 2022
Fire Brigades Union says key Grenfell witness “must be held responsible” for his actions
Ken Knight’s testimony before the Grenfell Tower Inquiry must mark a sea-change in holding key government advisers to account for the fire, the Fire Brigades Union has said. The union has demanded he is held responsible for his actions.
His testimony is due to start at 2pm on Wednesday 9 March.
Matt Wrack, general secretary of the Fire Brigades Union, said:
“Ken Knight was a senior adviser to the Westminster government on fire safety in the years running up to Grenfell, and he needs to accept his share of culpability. In the run-up to the fire, government ministers took an axe to the UK’s fire and rescue service and fire safety regulation, and Ken Knight helped provide cover for them to do that. He would also have had countless opportunities to raise concerns around key issues that would later contribute to Grenfell, but he failed to do so.
“We need to know from Knight whether, when and how he warned ministers of the risks from cladding and other fire safety failures – and how these ministers responded to any such other warnings before the fire.
“Any line of questioning that fails to take into account Knight’s role in creating and sustaining a system that failed will be one that falls short and fails the bereaved, residents and survivors of Grenfell. He must be held responsible for his actions, both at the inquiry and more widely.”
In the years prior to Grenfell Knight held a number of prominent fire related roles, including Chief Fire and Rescue Advisor to the Westminster Government between 2007 and 2013, and Commissioner of London Fire Brigade between 2003 and 2007.
The union is of the view that several specific areas of Knight’s record are particular causes for concern, including:
• He was a leading figure advising ministers on fire safety between 2007 and 2013, but failed to raise concerns around regulations in a significant manner, including on building safety. Concerns have since been raised since around various regulations that would be relevant to this role, such as Approved Document B.
• His failure to warn about important high-rise firefighting risks during his time as Chief Fire and Rescue Advisor to the government when contributing to the production of several important pieces of vital guidance, including the much-criticised LGA Fire safety in purpose built flats guidance (2011), and new guidance on high rise firefighting . This includes warning about how cladding could aid the spread of fire and how this might relate to “stay put” advice.
• He was director of Warrington certification, a private fire testing firm, between 2004 and last year. As part of his work for Warrington Knight certified similar cladding to that fitted on Grenfell. Warrington shared a parent company with the fire safety consultant for the refurbishment of Grenfell.
• His “efficiencies” review of the fire and rescue service in England, carried out as the government’s Chief Fire and Rescue Advisor and published in 2013, which gave the green light to saving money through a variety of untested suggestions. These included the use of non-operational “Green Book” staff to conduct regulatory fire safety work such as audits and inspections, and substituting on-call firefighters for wholetime crews. See p23 https://www.fbu.org.uk/publications/grenfell-tower-fire-background-atrocity
• His writing of a report for the government on the 2009 Lakanal House fire in Camberwell, which killed six, which said that requiring fire suppression systems, a group which includes sprinklers, to be fitted to existing high-rises was not “economically viable”.
• He effectively ignored a warning from London Fire Brigade in the wake of that same fire to issue “a warning to housing providers” about the danger of combustible materials used in external cladding systems.
Knight is currently chair of the Independent Expert Advisory Panel at the Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities which was formed in the immediate aftermath of Grenfell to advise on fire safety.
21 February 2022
Grenfell Tower Inquiry: government knew that cladding shouldn’t have been used from September 2002
Grenfell Tower Inquiry Update in 2022
The government knew that the type of cladding used on Grenfell Tower should “never ever” have been used above 18 meters from the middle of September 2002, evidence at the Grenfell Tower Inquiry today confirms.
Former Building Research Establishment director Debbie Smith gave evidence to the inquiry today in which it was put to her that her evidence to the inquiry was that the government was in “no doubt” that ACM panels with a Polyethlene core should “never ever” be used above 18 meters from mid-September 2002. She confirmed that this was her evidence, within the context of the development of a large-scale test for cladding systems. ACM panels with a Polyethlene core were used in the refurbishment of Grenfell, and played a key role in the fire spreading.
In September 2002 the results of fire tests of ACM Polyethylene cladding permitted under guidance at the time were delivered to government by the Building Research Establishment, which according to Deputy Editor at Inside Housing Peter Apps showed ACM systems to have “utterly disastrous failure” here. According to Apps the government nonetheless did not issue any warning to industry not to use it and did not alter guidance in a manner which should have prevented its use on tall buildings.
Commenting, Matt Wrack, general secretary of the Fire Brigades Union, said:
“It is sickening that the government knew of the risks of this cladding 15 years before the disaster at Grenfell. They did nothing for one and a half decades. Westminster governments are the ones responsible for this failure to regulate properly.
“We also have to ask why it has taken almost five years to start to get to these key facts. This highlights much that has gone wrong with this inquiry so far.
“Whilst this is appalling, it isn’t a shock. Everything we know about Grenfell and governments’ attitude to fire safety over past decades suggests that priority was always given to the demands of corporate interests above the needs of people.
Previously on e-architect:
24 January 2022
Grenfell Tower Inquiry: “those who created and enabled” deserve most blame
• Fire Brigades Union lawyer Martin Seaward has told the inquiry that any assessment of the fire and rescue service must take place “in the wider political and economic context”
• He underlined that the disaster was caused by individual private companies and government, with “total” building failure and “widespread” systematic failings.
• He said that “It is particularly wrong to blame the individual firefighters and control staff who attended the disaster in its early stages”
• The London Fire Brigade’s work was impeded by austerity cuts and privatisation for decades before Grenfell.
• The Government cannot fragment and cut away at public services and yet expect them to shoulder ever greater responsibilities.
The Grenfell Tower disaster was caused by “individual private companies which were allowed to put profit before people” and the disaster “represented the culmination of a generation of Central Government policies including deregulation and the ‘war’ on the culture of health and safety, privatisation, fragmentation, austerity and the degradation of social housing”, according to oral evidence given to the Grenfell Tower Inquiry by lawyer for the Fire Brigades Union Martin Seaward. Elsewhere in his evidence he also emphasised that lessons must be learnt by London Fire Brigade.
In the cropped photo below note how the white rainscreen panels appear more intact than the grey ACM panels, logical as the latter have a greater fire load:
cropped photo by Natalie Oxford, courtesy of wikimedia commons
Systemic causes
Seaward said “the building failure was so total and the systemic failings so widespread across the country that it would be wrong to scapegoat the Fire and Rescue Service for the failures of Central Government and a corporate culture that made people’s homes unsafe”. He added that “the performance of the fire and rescue service” at Grenfell must be assessed “in the wider political and economic context, apportioning blame where it is due, particularly, in relation to those who created and enabled this truly horrifying disaster”.
He added that “It is particularly wrong to blame the individual firefighters and control staff who attended the disaster in its early stages”, in part as “any deficiencies in the performance of the London Fire Brigade were institutional or due to inadequate senior management”.
He said that “the manufacturing companies manipulated the flawed testing and certification regime, the private companies involved in the refurbishment of Grenfell Tower created a wholly unsafe building surrounded by highly flammable material, from which the Tenant Management Organisation’s under-resourced and ineffective fire risk management system failed to safeguard the residents”. He then stated “The lack of care shown by the private companies, was facilitated and enabled by policies made since 1979 by Central Government in the service of a social and economic system driven by the pursuit of profit above all else, including people”.
Naming specific policies here, he said “Deregulation and the ‘war on the culture of health and safety’ facilitated the use of the inflammable cladding that destroyed Grenfell Tower… privatisation weakened public services and introduced conflicts of interest between safety and profit as we have seen in the testing and certification regimes”.
Government knowledge of cladding risks
The union’s latest written submission to the inquiry, released today, also raised important questions about what the government knew about combustible cladding as far back as 1991 and why this information was not conveyed to the London Fire Brigade. After the fire at Knowsley Heights, Merseyside in 1991, a handwritten government note from the Department of the Environment, which at the time had responsibility for building regulation, to the Building Research Establishment, asked them to “play down” the issue of the cladding fire at Knowsley. Cladding’s contribution to the fire was then “suppressed”, according to the union.
In its evidence the union says that the note shows that “the government and the Building Research Establishment” were “significantly invested in the success of cladding schemes”, and in oral statements the union’s lawyer to the inquiry, Martin Seaward, added in relation to the note that “the risk of rapid fire spread associated with combustible cladding systems was deliberately downplayed by government and this significantly contributed to the widespread misunderstanding of this risk”.
London Fire Brigade: lessons to be learnt
Seaward said “We accept there are important lessons to be learnt by the London Fire Brigade and the fire and rescue service more generally from Grenfell Tower”. He said that, amongst other things, “Operational crews in London had not been informed that building failure was not rare, that compartmentation could not be relied upon and some cladding materials were combustible, nor of the heightened risk of total building failure these combined risks presented in cladded High Rise Residential Buildings, nor of the resulting need to consider revoking stay put and evacuating such a building, and had not been trained when or how to do so”. He also said that equipment issues caused problems, including communications equipment and aerial appliance.
However, he added that responsibility here went wider than simply the fire brigade itself: “Central Government, the Chief Fire Officers Association, National Fire Chiefs Council, Chief Fire and Rescue Advisor and the London Fire Brigade failed to equip and prepare the operational crews, incident commanders and control room staff for a major disaster such as Grenfell Tower”.
Additionally, he added “Any changes or improvements to the fire and rescue service… need to be properly resourced. Central government cannot deregulate, privatise and cut away whilst at the same time increasing the duties of the fire and rescue service”.
Need for a national body for strategy, equipment and operation guidance
The union’s lawyer to the inquiry added that “weaknesses in the preparation and performance of the London Fire Brigade”, including in relation to stay-put in buildings where cladding and compartmentation failure were issues, “can be traced back to the decision of Central Government to remove any form of national body for discussing and developing strategy, equipment and operation guidance across the fire and rescue service”. The Central Fire Brigades Advisory Council, that held this role, was abolished in 2004.
Seaward said that “We submit that a properly resourced national body, crucially including the involvement of firefighter representatives, is … essential to ensure that knowledge of risk is translated into policies and guidance which are properly discussed and then disseminated and implemented across the fire and rescue service”.
He said that expecting individual fire and rescue services to do this themselves was unrealistic – “It is unrealistic, even where the subject matter is drawn to their attention, to expect fragmented, under-resourced fire and rescue services across the country to be on top of what might be happening at another fire and rescue service without national coordination”.
Individual firefighters are not to blame
“Any deficiencies in the performance of the LFB were institutional or due to inadequate senior management. They were not the failings of the individual fire fighters or control staff who attended the disaster. They did their best in accordance with their training and experience to save lives in face of an unprecedented catastrophe”.
“The individual fire fighters who attended the disaster, including the first two Incident Commanders and the supervisors of the Control Room staff, should be relieved of any individual blame. Grenfell Tower was not their fault”.
photo courtesy of SE9
Previously on e-architect:
post updated 6 December 2021
Grenfell Inquiry: Grenfell driven by “agenda of deregulation”
Grenfell Tower Inquiry Update
The Fire Brigades Union lawyer for the inquiry has placed central importance on the “agenda of deregulation, privatisation and marketisation” as causing the disaster. Martin Seaward said that an agenda “which encouraged companies to behave recklessly towards building safety” was “actively and, regrettably, deliberately created by central government”.
The comments were made as part of the opening statements for Module 6 of Phase 2 of the inquiry, which is set to focus on government.
Seaward said that this agenda of deregulation, privatisation and marketisation had been in place for “more than four decades”, across multiple governments, and had “predictably… degraded public services such as building control and fire and rescue services, thereby [weakening] enforcement of these regimes, and led to the abolition of national bodies, ambiguity and confusion in the guidance which has been left unclarified, a culture of complacency created towards fire safety, both during and after building works, and private companies being enabled to put profit over people”.
He stated that, in turn, these factors “contributed to the systemic failure of the building and fire safety regimes, thereby enabling the installation of cheap and dangerous rainscreen cladding systems all over the UK, including at Grenfell Tower”.
Seaward specifically named the evolution of building safety regulation “Approved Document B [ADB] with ever greater complexity and flexibility, bringing concomitant ambiguity and scope for manipulation” as an issue here, with confusion around the ADB being “ruthlessly exploited by manufacturing companies for their own commercial self-interest” according to Seaward.
He also pointed to the introduction of the Building Regulations 1985, which “replaced the previously detailed technical and prescriptive regulations, covering at least 300 pages, with ‘functional requirements’ covering just 25 pages, supplemented by guidance in the ADB”. This introduction of “functional” requirements was described by Seaward as a “major change”, which brought with it “significant flexibility” that in turn “could be and was exploited by some in the construction industry”.
Seaward also noted that after the Lakanal House fire, a 2009 fire in which six people died, none of the coroner’s “recommendations were implemented either effectively or at all either by Lord Pickles [Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government when the recommendations were made], his successors or anyone else in government” – which Seaward said was “the consequence of the government’s deregulatory agenda”. The recommendations included ones relating to “stay put” guidance, guidance on high-rise firefighting, and sprinklers.
Information provided by Fire Brigades Union, Kingston upon Thames, KT2 7AE, United Kingdom
photograph : Metropolitan Police
Previously on e-architect
post updated 13 May 2021
Grenfell Tower Demolition
UK Government community consultation about Grenfell Tower demolition
The British government is due to begin consulting with bereaved families, survivors and the local community on whether to take down Grenfell Tower.
In a letter to residents and families in the community, officials said: “Following important advice from structural engineers about the condition of the tower, we need to consider this summer if, and when, the tower should be carefully taken down to maintain safety.”
The letter from the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (MHCLG) said that before any decision is made, advice from engineering experts will be shared with the local community, who will also be allowed to put questions to the engineers.
“I want to reassure you that it will be at least a year before we begin to implement any decision, which means there will be no change to the tower before the fifth anniversary in 2022.
“The work of the Grenfell Tower Inquiry will continue during this period,” the letter continued, signed by Alistair Watters, director of the Grenfell site and programme at MHCLG.
MHCLG will be holding online meetings between 17 May and 21 July.
It will ask the community about their priorities and preferences. It will also share information from engineers about the condition of the tower, and about its consultations with the Metropolitan Police and the Grenfell Tower Inquiry.
The Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government also noted, “The independent Grenfell Tower Memorial Commission is developing a community-led vision for a memorial, and their work is progressing. Bereaved families, survivors and the local community will continue to be at the heart of determining what the future memorial will be.”
25 September 2020
Grenfell Tower inquiry: combustible insulation product
The inquiry heard that safe mineral wool product was ruled out because ‘aspirational’ efficiency target would not have been hit.
A Mechanical and Electrical systems consultant (M&E Engineer) on the Grenfell Tower refurbishment project recommended the use of combustible insulation on the outside of the block as a way to meet an “aspirational” thermal efficiency target.
30 July 2020
Grenfell Tower inquiry: combustible insulation
Rydon’s refurbishment director on the Grenfell Tower refurbishment, Stephen Blake, has admitted to being “haunted” by the lack of scrutiny of the ill-fated project’s cladding and window designs.
Stephen Blake said that in hindsight key elements of the tower block’s refurbishment had been presumed to be correct when they were not.
He also advised that he believed it had been original project architect Studio E’s responsibility to arrange – and pay for – any specialist fire safety advice required, even after Rydon was appointed main contractor on the project and Studio E novated to it.
Fire specialist Exova was hired by the client (Kensington & Chelsea Tenant Management Organisation) and produced an outline fire safety strategy for the refurbishment in 2013.
However the firm was not novated once Rydon was appointed in 2014.
23 July 2020
Grenfell Tower inquiry: combustible foam boards
The refurbishment specification was to pack the gaps around the windows with non-combustible Rockwool insulation fibre, but Mark Dixon’s company, SD Plastering, instead used combustible foam boards apparently.
The Rydon manager in charge of the project, Simon Lawrence told the inquiry that he didn’t read a bill of works that showed SD Plastering planned to use Celotex panels, at odds with the safer specification. This was in breach of building regulations. The inquiry has already concluded that the foam insulation in the window surrounds “contributed to the rate and extent of vertical flame spread”.
When Simon Lawrence inspected the works in 2015, there were missing finishes and gaps. Emails at the time showed he thought it was “a disaster”.
Simon Lawrence received an email from the Tenant Management Organisation (TMO) – which ran the tower in North Kensington – seeking clarity on whether the new cladding would resist a fire.
There is no evidence that he or anyone from Rydon replied to that email.
22 July 2020
Grenfell Tower residents branded as “rebels”
The builder in the Grenfell Tower refurbishment branded residents who questioned the quality of works as “rebels” and complained that they were “persistent and aggressive”.
Evidence has exposed the toxic atmosphere between contractors and occupants of the west London council block. The inquiry also heard there were allegations of harassment and threats by employees of Rydon and of the K&C tenant management organisation (TMO).
Rydon manager Simon Lawrence admitted in an internal email that the site was “poorly performing”. He also apparently noted they were using “cheap incompetent sub-contractors”.
Neil Reed, head of project delivery at the landlord’s agent, complained: “I have never worked with a contractor operating with this level of nonchalance.”
11 July 2020
Grenfell Tower inquiry: Lead fire consultant ‘ignored’ cladding email
The lead fire safety consultant of the Grenfell Tower refurbishment ignored documents outlining proposed cladding and insulation materials.
Terry Ashton, of fire engineering company Exova, said he did not read an email from Studio E architects detailing a planned cladding system because he was not the “primary recipient”.
He also failed to read the architect’s progress report.
The inquiry has concluded that cladding fuelled the 2017 fire in west London.
Grenfell Tower cladding – for top and bottom of the building, the principal cladding appears to be noted as ‘3’ (medium grey, ACM) and ‘5’ (white, rainscreen) in the top left key, ie ACM panels:
elevation courtesy of architects via planning portal
The email from architects Studio E on 23 October 2012 included attachments containing details and drawings of a planned cladding system.
Asked why, he told the hearing that people are often copied into emails on big projects in “a sort of scattergun approach”.
He also did not read the architect’s progress report which he was sent on 31 October 2012, and failed to mention plans to cover the tower block in cladding in his first fire safety report published on the same day.
He had no formal training as a fire engineer, despite working as a fire consultant for 25 years.
7 July 2020
Grenfell Tower inquiry: Fire ‘inextricably linked with race’
The inquiry returned this week after a four-month break due to coronavirus.
Leslie Thomas, who is representing survivors and bereaved families, said the 2017 fire was “inextricably linked with race”.
There were 72 victims.
Grenfell Tower floor plans, assumed to be earlier proposals from 2012:
Drawing-952258 – plans courtesy of architects via planning portal
Legal submissions made to the inquiry explain there were 4 visitors to the tower among the dead and also a stillborn baby and then adds: “Of the remaining 67, 57 were from BAME (black, Asian and other ethnic minority) communities.
On Monday, a senior fire safety engineer advised the inquiry he did not think putting cladding on Grenfell Tower would pose any “issues” for safety.
30 & 29 Jan 2020
Grenfell Tower Inquiry Immunity
Grenfell Tower Firms Request Immunity Over Evidence
Grenfell Tower Fire Inquiry Part Two
Grenfell Inquiry Expert Witness Controversy post in BD
6 Jun 2018
Grenfell Tower Refurb Architects Attacked
Studio E Architects is among a number of firms accused of attempting to derail the Grenfell Tower Inquiry with a wall of ‘corporate silence’ after it failed to provide an opening statement to the hearing, reports the Architects’ Journal.
Many of the 19 ‘core participant’ firms involved in the £10m refit of the tower on the Lancaster West estate have refused to comment on their work until they have full disclosure of documents, the inquiry heard yesterday.
They face a barrage of criticism from lawyers representing survivors and the bereaved, for failing to set out their position, especially on the key question of compliance.
In a blistering attack on the companies, Stephanie Barwise QC said: ‘these corporates have no desire to assist this inquiry, even though their participation could save lives in the immediate future.’
e-architect approached Studio E Architects for comment shortly after the fire but never received a reply.
18 Apr 2018
Grenfell Tower Hackitt Review
18 Dec 2017
Grenfell Tower Fire Interim Report
Dame Judith Hackitt’s Review of the Building Regulations and Fire Safety
Association for Project Safety (APS) fully supports the interim report of Dame Judith Hackitt’s Review of the Building Regulations and welcomes the next phase.
In response to the interim findings of Dame Judith Hackitt’s review of fire and building regulations, Bobby Chakravarthy, President of the Association for Project Safety said:
“The Association for Project Safety agrees with Dame Judith Hackitt that safer buildings start with good design and ensuring corners are not cut and clear regulations are established and consistently applied. But, for this we have to untangle the mare’s nest of complex and sometimes competing regulations, critically ensuring everyone involved in the design and risk management process is equipped with the relevant and up to date skills and education to build safe.”
Interim findings of Grenfell Review
A review of building regulations ordered after the Grenfell Tower fire has found the system is “not fit for purpose” and open to abuse by those trying to save money, reports The Guardian today.
Dame Judith Hackitt’s interim report into building safety called for an overhaul of the construction industry to put safety above cutting costs.
In a foreword, Hackitt said she was shocked by some of the practices she had uncovered. “The mindset of doing things as cheaply as possible and passing on responsibility for problems and shortcomings of others must stop,” she wrote.
Her report highlights concerns about increased privatisation of the building inspection regime leading to safety being compromised and a reduction in expertise within local authorities.
Grenfell Tower Fire Interim Report in The Guardian
18 December 2017
RIBA responds to Hackitt Interim Report
RIBA responds to Interim Report of the Independent Review of Building Regulations and Fire Safety
The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) has welcomed the publication of Dame Judith Hackitt’s Interim Report but has highlighted the need to go much further, specifically in terms of making real and meaningful change to the core building regulations guidance covering fire safety, which is needed as a matter of great urgency.
Immediate Past President of RIBA and Chair of the RIBA’s Expert Advisory Group on Fire Safety, Jane Duncan says:
“I’m pleased that Dame Judith Hackitt recognises the current regulatory system is not fit for purpose and that there is a lack clarity of roles and responsibilities in the construction industry. The RIBA’s Expert Advisory Group on Fire Safety strongly recommends that the final review should require a named person or organisation to hold prime responsibility for the oversight of fire safety in the design and construction of any building project. It is disappointing that the interim review has not called for an immediate prohibition on the use any combustible materials in the external wall construction of high-rise buildings. This means we continue with this grey-area in regards to fire-safety”
The RIBA welcome that the report seeks:
• Better definition and allocation of roles and responsibilities within the building and fire regulatory system, with defined duty holders. The RIBA hopes that the final report will require a named person or organisation with prime responsibility for oversight of fire-safe design and construction on any building project
• Increased independent oversight of the quality of construction work
• Stronger compliance and enforcement of building control
• Raised levels of competence and accreditation of those involved in design, construction and maintenance of higher risk buildings
It is also good to see a recognition by Dame Judith of the importance of the ‘golden thread’ of original design intent, the integrity of which must be maintained in any building project or subsequent refurbishment – in order to avoid fragmentation of design responsibility with risks poorer quality outcomes.
However, it is disappointing that whilst the report recognises the complexity and lack of clarity in the current building regulations guidance, it shies away from introducing immediate and effective changes to the current fire safety guidance, Approved Document B.
The RIBA would like to see:
• An immediate prohibition on the use any combustible materials in the external wall construction of high-rise buildings
• A greater role for sprinklers as an active life safety measure in residential buildings
• Requirements for at least two staircases, offering alternative means of escape in high-rise residential buildings
Interim Report of the Independent Review of Building Regulations and Fire Safety
To read the RIBA’s evidence and recommendations to the Independent Review of Building Regulations and Fire Safety visit:
Independent Review of Building Regulations and Fire Safety – RIBA
The building facade, photo references Harley Facades UK:
photo courtesy of SE9
8 Aug 2017
Kensington Stories Documentary Film
Ladbroke Grove Youth Charity Focus on four local buildings
Kensal House, Trellick Tower, Stanley Gardens and Lancaster West
Young people look at West London’s skyline through the lens of a documentary
SPID Theatre Company, an award-winning youth charity based in Ladbroke Grove, is looking at West London’s skyline afresh following the Grenfell Tower fire.
The result is Kensington Stories, a new documentary film made as part of SPID’s Living History project. SPID Theatre Company has achieved National Press on multiple occasions for their work, specialising in engaging hard-to-reach audiences with heritage, the arts and with each other. The project will build on their previous Living History Projects: Kensal Voices, Kensal Voices Reloaded, In Transit, Trellick Tales and Reimagining Goldfinger.
The film focuses on community, the management of buildings and the event of the Grenfell Tower fire that happened earlier this year. From recording oral history interviews, led by Rib Davis, SPID has worked with filmmaker Susanna Fasciolo and producer Ioana Constantinescu to create a fifteen minute film about four local buildings: Kensal House, Trellick Tower, Stanley Gardens and Lancaster West, where Grenfell Tower is situated. Each of these buildings is listed and protected, except Lancaster West.
Despite not being listed, Grenfell is extremely significant to the work that SPID is creating, work that champions local voices and shared histories. SPID itself is based in one of West London’s very own listed buildings, adding relevance to this year’s project. The oral history testimonies given by residents who live within each of these estates compose the soundtrack for the film; their own stories and opinions colouring the background to this documentary.
The entire project has been influenced by local young people aged 13-25, who participate in weekly workshops researching the history and architecture of the borough. This project is a combination of historical and architectural knowledge, enriched by personal stories about an area of London with extremely diverse buildings.
The Kensington Stories film will premiere on 9th December at 3pm at Kensal House, followed by a Q and A with the young people and makers of the film, and accompanied by food from the Goldfinger Factory, a café near Trellick Tower.
“I just love living in this Borough…when the rain clouds come in and you can see the shadows over the various parts of London, it all makes sense” – Lou D’Arcy, Trellick Tower Resident
“Based in West London’s Kensal House estate, SPID shares a landlord with Grenfell. This project champions local estate voices and makes the case for listening to and empowering them” – Helena Thompson, Artistic Director
The Film Screening is free entry, but places are limited, so book your ticket by emailing bookings@spidtheatre.com or calling us on 0208 969 4570
8 Aug 2017
Grenfell fire Criminal Charges
Criminal charges carrying lengthy prison sentences not ruled out by DPP
The UK Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) has not ruled out possible criminal charges carrying lengthy prison sentences against individuals over the Grenfell Tower fire, report The Guardian.
In her first public comments since the disaster, Alison Saunders said investigations were at a very early stage. All options remained open, but it could take months before charging decisions can be made, she said.
Gross negligence manslaughter is among offences prosecutors could consider if police find sufficient evidence. The offence carries a maximum sentence of life in prison for those found to have high levels of culpability.
Alison Saunders, in an interview with the London Evening Standard, said: “All of us want to see justice done … It is one of those tragedies where everybody will want to do as much as they possibly can in order to help both those who continue to be residents and those who died in the fire.
The DPP’s comments follow the publication of a Scotland Yard letter which said there were reasonable grounds to suspect that corporate manslaughter offences had been committed by Kensington and Chelsea council, and the Kensington and Chelsea Tenant Management Organisation, the latter of which ran Grenfell tower.
Read more in The Guardian article – Grenfell Tower Criminal Charges
27 Jul 2017
Grenfell Tower Fire Update
Police Investigation Update
Police investigating the Grenfell Tower fire say they have “reasonable grounds” to suspect that corporate manslaughter offences may have been committed, report the BBC.
It means senior executives from the council and the tenant management organisation that ran the block are likely to be interviewed under caution.
A letter from the Met Police to residents said officers had “seized a huge amount of material”.
Organisations guilty of the offence of corporate manslaughter are liable to an “unlimited fine”.
Individuals cannot be charged with corporate manslaughter, an offence which is intended to work “in conjunction” with other forms of accountability.
The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and the Kensington and Chelsea Tenancy Management Organisation have been notified that there are reasonable grounds to suspect that each organisation may have committed the offence of corporate manslaughter.
However Labour MP for Tottenham, David Lammy, said the punishment for corporate manslaughter, a fine, would not represent justice: “Gross negligence manslaughter carries a punishment of prison time, and I hope that the police and the CPS are considering charges of manslaughter caused by gross negligence”.
More positively the Justice 4 Grenfell campaign group, said the development would help increase levels of trust between the police and the community.
10 Jul 2017
Police confirm 255 residents escaped blaze
Investigators say 350 people lived in the west London block but 14 were not there when the building went up in flames, report The Independent.
Police said they do not expect the death toll to rise much further.
Detectives also revealed the tower was made up of predominantly one and two bedroom flats, which would account for the lower than expected occupancy.
Previous estimates put between 400 and 600 people living inside the tower.
source: Grenfell Tower Fire Update
8 Jul 2017
Grenfell Tower Publc Inquiry
Grenfell Tower inquiry public hearings in September
The Grenfell Tower fire inquiry hopes to hold its first public hearings into the cause of the disaster in September as it prepares to seize council planning archives, report The Guardian.
Sir Martin Moore-Bick, the chairman, is expected to hold further meetings with bereaved relatives, local residents, survivors and interested organisations next week in order to agree terms of reference.
Until those terms are approved by the prime minister, Theresa May, and lodged with parliament, investigators cannot begin taking evidence.
source: Grenfell Tower Publc Inquiry
29 Jun 2017
Grenfell Tower Planning Conditions
Samples of Grenfell Tower Cladding
An interesting article by Ian Abley, focusing on two of the planning conditions, 3 & 4, and how they were processed by the architects, but also on a critical change to the window position half a year after planning:
Grenfell Tower planning application PP/12/04097 was determined by delegated powers.
ACM Panels
Samples of the ACM panels were requested and should be in the council’s stores. Apparently the responses to the Conditions note the panel outer surface but crucially do not identify the core material.
The most recent of two references to the ACM panel specification is apparently the Studio E “Material Palette” dated 25 September 2014 and uploaded as Drawing-Approved-1332326 prescribed the ACM face as “Smoke Silver Metallic Duragloss 5000”
Our brief research shows this is an Arconic product: Duragloss 5000
The link to ‘DURAGLOSS® 5000 Technical Data’ goes to a ‘Content Not Found’ page.
Design Change Made in January 2015
Then there was a Non-Material Amendment made to approval PP/12/04097 after CON/14/04024. On 2 January 2015 proposed changes to the design by Studio E and planning consultants IBI Group were accepted by RBKC planners as NMA/14/08597. The design changes appear very material in that they re-position the windows, out from the existing concrete into the (rainscreen) cladding zone.
Ian notes that the planned separation of the window from the concrete meant that interfaces – “window, head and cill extrusions, foams, perimeter filler insulation, water, air and vapour barrier, and lining boards” – became technically critical for fire safety.
The several materials and products within the interface gap became the only construction stopping a fire inside a flat from reaching the cavity and cladding.
In other words, the late change to the window position, moving it out from the solid concrete structure, meant it was weak due to the ‘filled gaps’ around the sides where fire could break through.
Ian goes on to warn, “Planners should know something about the existence of such fire risks. But if the planners were not technically aware of this potential problem at the interface gap at every window opening, and had not asked for Building Control advice at the planning application stage, IBI Group and Studio E should have been aware.”
Tangentially, the title block on the architects’s detail drawing, references an adjacent school building, why is this? –
Approved Document Volume 2 of Part B Fire Safety in the Building Regulations for England and Wales
Finally, Ian questions the wording of Paragraph 12.7, subtitled “Insulation Materials/Products”:
‘In a building with a storey 18m or more above ground level any insulation product, filler material (not including gaskets, sealants and similar) etc. used in the external wall construction should be of limited combustibility.’
He cautions that it is badly worded.
The “not including” list is open to abuse as products and materials “similar” to gaskets and sealants may be combustible – such as membranes, tapes, sealants and adhesives – combining to form a dangerous level of fire load.
source: Grenfell Tower Planning Application Details
29 Jun 2017
Grenfell Tower Inquiry
Grenfell Tower Inquiry Chairman
The new chairman of the Grenfell Tower inquiry said he is doubtful the process would be as wide-ranging as some residents hope after meeting survivors, many of whom were sceptical about his appointment.
Sir Martin Moore-Bick said his inquiry would look at “basic factual questions” about what caused the fire rather than broader problems.
“I’ve been asked to undertake this inquiry on the basis that it would be pretty well limited to the problems surrounding the start of the fire and its rapid development, in order to make recommendations as to how this sort of thing can be prevented in the future,” he said.
23 Jun 2017
Grenfell Tower Building Cladding
Grenfell Tower manslaughter charges
23 Jun 2017 – Grenfell Tower fire: police considering manslaughter charges.
Detectives say building’s insulation and cladding tiles failed fire safety tests and they are establishing if use was illegal, report The Guardian.
Officers had established the initial cause of the fire was a Hotpoint FF175BP fridge-freezer and that it was not started deliberately.
“Preliminary tests show the insulation samples collected from Grenfell Tower combusted soon after the tests started. The initial test on the cladding tiles also failed the safety tests.”
“What we are being told at the moment by the Building Research Establishment (BRE) is that the cladding and insulation failed all safety tests.”
The Police are reviewing every company involved in the building and refurbishment of Grenfell Tower, and have seized documents and materials from a number of organisations.
UK Prime Minister Theresa May said the government would fund tests on up to 100 towers a day. the DCLG estimates that about 600 high-rises across the UK have been clad.
Grenfell Tower Cladding Exposed
23 Jun 2017 – Were the horizontal and vertical fire-stops installed correctly at Grenfell Tower?
A photo on Studio E’s website shows one facade of Grenfell Tower.
click on photo for large size, 5824 pixels, left in super-large format to aid viewing, save and zoom in:
Grenfell Tower Cladding – a spin-off post from this page focused on the cladding
Grenfell Tower Building Safety
The Truth about Grenfell Tower Event
Architects for Social Housing using Eventbrite to ticket The Truth about Grenfell Tower on Thursday 22nd June in Stockwell.
Please join Architects for Social Housing and share what we collectively know so far about the technical and political decisions that led to the Grenfell Tower fire; reassure residents about the safety of post-war tower blocks against the fear being spread by the media; and discuss how to can counteract this disaster being used by politicians to promote the demolition of London’s council estates for profit.
Everybody welcome, residents, architects, engineers, fire-safety specialists, planners, housing campaigners. Please share widely and invite your friends.
The Truth about Grenfell Tower Event
Thu 22 June 2017 19:00 – 21:00 BST
Residents Centre, Cotton Gardens Estate, Kennington Lane, SE11 4HW
Architects for Social Housing (ASH) was set up in March 2015 in order to respond architecturally to London’s housing ‘crisis’. ASH are a working collective of architects, urban designers, engineers, surveyors, planners, film-makers, photographers, web designers, artists, writers and housing campaigners operating with developing ideas under set principles.
photograph : Metropolitan Police
Grenfell Tower Campaigners for Safety
20 Jun – In an open letter to the UK Prime Minister, London Mayor Sadiq Khan praised May’s decision to open a public inquiry, but urged her “to ensure, in the terms of reference of the Inquiry, that an interim report is published this summer, at the latest, and that the terms of reference include all aspects of fire safety standards and inspection in high-rise towers.” He continued, “I would seek an assurance that if the Inquiry or police investigation finds any individual or organization to have been negligent in their duties, then they will be prosecuted.”
“This issue is not limited to the type of cladding fitted; the material it is attached to and how this has been achieved are also critical factors. It is crucial that other risks from renovation works are urgently and properly investigated, for example protection between floors. And we need to strengthen standards and recall processes around white goods, given the fire risk they can present.”
19 Jun – death toll rises to 79.
Of the 18 people in hospital 9 are in critical care, report the BBC.
Selection of photos released by the Police:
photograph : Metropolitan Police
18 Jun – Two women feared dead in the Grenfell Tower tragedy were allegedly threatened with legal action after they campaigned for improved fire safety.
Mariem Elgwahry, 27, and Nadia Choucair, 33, may have received letters ordering them to stop their campaign for improved safety.
Both women were fighting the Kensington and Chelsea Tenant Management Organisation for building improvements, with help from the Radical Housing Network (RHN), The Mirror reports.
RHN told the newspaper: “The TMO’s response was to threaten tenants with legal action and send out letters. Nadia and Mariem would have received them too.”
Last night British Prime Minister Theresa May said she had ordered councils to complete urgent safety checks on all high-rise buildings.
Grenfell Tower elevation and section of a typical floor:
Revised Drawing-952306.pdf?- image courtesy of architects via RBKC planning portal
Grenfell Tower section through window of a typical floor:
extract from Revised Drawing-952306.pdf?- image courtesy of architects via RBKC planning portal
A summary of those believed to be involved in the refurbishment works (comments welcome):
– Client: The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea TMO
– Client’s Agent: IBI Taylor Young
– Architects: Studio E
– Consulting QS: Appleyards
– Main contractor: Rydon
– Building facade sub-contractor: Harley Facades UK
– Reynobond PE cladding supplier: Omnis Exteriors
– Insulation manufacturer/supplier: Celotex
Grenfell Tower floor plans, assumed to be proposals, we suggest the key plan is bottom right labelled ‘Typical Residential Floor’, it shows lifts, stair and apartments all share a single lobby. Footage from early on the 14th of June appears to show this lobby filled with smoke when a resident opened the door on an upper floor:
Revised Drawing-1094410.pdf – image courtesy of architects via RBKC planning portal
We posted the link to the refurbishment planning drawings on the morning of the 14th but some readers maybe missed it, so here it is again, we suggest you scroll down to the latest drawings dated 2013: sadly this link is removed (12 Jan 2022) now due to no longer being active
17 Jun 2017
Grenfell Tower Fire Building Failings
At least 58 people are presumed dead in the Grenfell Tower disaster Police confirmed. It is an increase of 28 on the number of confirmed victims.
The building refurbishment is now part of a criminal investigation.
We are trying to focus on building-related issues here, to try to learn from this awful incident and prevent it ever happening again. There are various strands to discuss:
1. analysing what went wrong with the building, from cladding type, cladding fixing, to smoke-filled single stair, fire lobbies, fire doors and the fire alarm.
2. drawing some tentative conclusions, if we wait months until a massive hard-to-digest inquiry report the media focus will have gone and some opportunities for change with it.
3. some suggestions about what needs to happen with other high-rise buildings around the world, but focused on UK council housing in towers.
We certainly don’t have all the answers, therefore welcome expert input from other professionals.
Grenfell Tower Facade Section Build Up on Typical Floor
In more detail:
1.
cladding type – typical floors have 3 main components: windows, rainscreen and ACM panels.
It is the latter that seem to exhibit the most combustion. from outside face inwards: Aluminium sandwich panels appear to have a flammable core, with small air gap allowing chimney effect, and flammable foam insulation behind applied to concrete facade from 1974.
cladding fixing – metal brackets shown on planning portal section, unverified reports of flammable timber battens
single stair – obviously inherently dangerous, but why did it fill with smoke?
fire lobbies – lift and stair share a lobby with flats, see plans
fire doors – if working then should have been negligible smoke in stair (just from when self-closing door is opened for egress)
fire alarm – reports suggest it didn’t go off, why?
Lower floor plan layout (ie not typical residential floor), existing on left, proposed in colour on right with new entranc lobby:
image courtesy of architects via planning portal
Grenfell Tower Building materials from outside in – not fully confirmed as a whole but identified in various cross-referenced reports:
a. Aluminium composite material (ACM) cladding (‘3’ in key – Reynobond PE
note ‘5’ in the elevation key, aluminium rainscreen (white panels) make up about half of the cladding).
Further info on cladding regulations in other Western countries:
– German construction companies have been banned from using plastic-filled cladding, such as Reynobond PE, on towers more than 22 metres high since the 1980s.
– US building codes restrict the use of metal-composite panels without flame-retardant cores on buildings above 15 metres.
b. air gap, probably criss-crossed by brackets holding outer ACM panels.
c. Celotex insulation applied to existing concrete walls, assumed to be 150mm of Celotex FR5000 and / or RS5000, no backing substrate shown on planning portal section.
Product datasheet: https://www.celotex.co.uk/products/download/5c73880a-6017-4854-88fe-923fff569a4f notes it is tested with both 12mm fibre cement panes and 2×12.5mm plasterboard. But the section (planning portal) and reports suggest it was installed on the tower without a substrate. If no substrate then the fire test approval appears meaningless.
The reasons it passes the test are therefore different to the product used in the 72-storey The Address, Dubai – where the testing flaws were exposed:
meaningless ACM fire test
It seems the Celotex material may be non-FR PIR. Nevertheless the product is certified with reference to BS8414-2 via the performance criteria of BR135 (product datasheet).
There is some suggestion of a leak from the gas riser, there is not enough information on it to discuss at this stage in our view.
Link ref. tests (BS 8414-2, BR 135 see commentary by Sarah Colwell on pp 13-16 of this IFP magazine issue: Fire Performance of external cladding systems.
The article linked above suggests there are around 5000 blocks of flats in England representing around 300,000 homes, a lot of people especially if extrapolated to the rest fo the world.
Grenfell Tower Fundraising page on justgiving.com
Grenfell Tower Fire West London Building News
Grenfell Tower Fire Updates
16 Jun – 30 confirmed killed, including one person who has died in hospital.
The death toll could rise above 100.
More than 70 people have been named by relatives as missing, and also 12 people remain in critical care.
Protesters entered Kensington town hall this evening demanding justice.
Grenfell Tower News – updates at The Guardian
We welcome architectural information regarding the aluminium composite material (ACM) cladding panels – info(at)e-architect.com
An informative well-researched article about the Grenfell Tower aluminium composite cladding in The Guardian:
“Cladding for Grenfell Tower was cheaper, more flammable option. Omnis Exteriors asked to supply cladding £2 cheaper a square metre than fire-resistant type, investigation finds.”
Omnis had been asked to supply Reynobond PE cladding, which is £2 cheaper per square metre than the alternative “fire resistant” Reynobond FR, to the companies that worked on refurbishing Grenfell Tower.
Evidence seems to be mounting of problems in so many aspects related to this fire, from building mismanagement, cost-cutting, equipment failure to bad design. These multiple failures are unacceptable and viewed overall suggest a disrespect to the council tenants.
German construction companies have been banned from using plastic-filled cladding, such as Reynobond PE, on towers more than 22 metres high since the 1980s when regulations were brought in to improve fire safety at residential blocks.
US building codes also restrict the use of metal-composite panels without flame-retardant cores on buildings above 15 metres.
Grenfell Tower fire, approximately 6 a.m. on 14 June 2017:
photo by Natalie Oxford, courtesy of wikimedia commons
The Fire Protection Association (FPA), an industry body, has been pushing for years for the government to make it a statutory requirement for local authorities and companies to use only fire-retardant material.”
Clearly the UK needs to revise the Building Regulations and commence remedial work on all affected tower blocks.
It is imperative lessons are learnt as soon as possible.
The construction industry knows about problem cladding and should have done so much more to clean up its act.
Combustible core cladding usage should be heavily controlled after all of the lessons, notably from UAE.
Grenfell Tower used aluminium composite cladding with thermal insulation.
There is controversy and lobbying surrounding the use of combustible insulation systems.
Also, towers with a single stair should be demolished, there is always a chance the stair will get blocked or smoke-filled.
The refurbishment was overseen by Studio E Architects, and undertaken by Rydon Ltd. As part of the project, in 2015–2016, the concrete structure received new windows and new cladding.
What remains unclear is the system section and detailing: was there a gap behind the cladding, and if so why not fire stopped at every floor? Cavities are closed at each floor per building regulations but is there some weakness or loophole that allowed the ‘chimneys’ to form?
The work was carried out by Harley Facades of Crowborough, East Sussex, at a cost of £2.6 million.
This fire feels like it will become a sad, major milestone like Ronan Point was for an earlier generation. Ronan Point was a 22-storey Modern tower block in Newham, East London, which partly collapsed in May 1968, killing 4 people. It led to a “complete loss of public confidence in high-rise residential buildings, and major changes in UK building regulations resulted.”
The shadow chancellor, John McDonnell, has released a statement which is worth noting:
“The tragic fire that occurred on Grenfell Tower must never be allowed to happen again. The lessons of Camberwell, Shepherd’s Bush and Southampton have not been learned, and it is the responsibility of government to provide solutions.
The government must now as a matter of urgency lift the housing revenue account borrowing cap to free councils to undertake the urgent retrofitting work required on all existing housing stock found not to meet required safety standards.
Councils must also be given the power, as Labour’s housing manifesto pledges to do, to borrow to invest in council housing on the scale necessary to allow all those living in homes deemed to be unsafe to be properly rehoused.”
The Grenfell Tower refurbishment architects posted a statement on their news page:
“We are deeply shocked and distressed over news of the devastating fire at Grenfell Tower.
Our thoughts are with those that have been affected by this tragic incident, together with all of their relatives and friends.
It would be inappropriate for us to comment or speculate on events on Wednesday morning. We will be available to assist the relevant authorities as and when we are required.
Our website was temporarily shut down yesterday as a result of the number of requests received.”
source: Grenfell Tower refurbishment architects – Studio E, London (website now offline)
BD magazine notes two Italian architects from the Veneto region are believed to have died in the Grenfell fire: Gloria Trevisan and Marco Gottardi were both working for London architecture practices, they lived together on the 23rd floor.
Radical Housing Network, a London-wide alliance of groups fighting for housing justice, said the Grenfell fire was a tragic consequence of systematic disinvestment in council housing alongside disregard for council tenants safety and their concerns – and called for #JusticeforGrenfell.
source: Radical Housing Network London
Radical Housing Network is a London-wide network of campaigns fighting for housing justice. Grenfell Action Group is a member group of RHN.
15 Jun 2017
Grenfell Tower Cladding
15 Jun – It emerged the cladding used in Grenfell Tower was behind a rapidly spreading blaze at a tower block in Melbourne in 2014, reports The Guardian. An eighth-floor fire raced up 13 floors to the roof of the 21-storey building in 11 minutes. The spread was “directly associated” with the external cladding, said the fire brigade.
The rapid spread of the Lacrosse building fire, which was sparked by a cigarette on an eighth-floor balcony and raced up 13 floors to the roof of the 21-storey building in 11 minutes, was blamed on flammable aluminium composite cladding that lined the exterior concrete walls. Surely it is time for the construction industry to clean up its act and ban combustible aluminium composite cladding panels.
14 Jun 2017
Major London Building Fire
Grenfell Tower Fire
Massive blaze engulfs 24-storey block of flats in North Kensington, west London.
More than 200 firefighters tackled a massive blaze at a block of flats in west London, with people trapped in their homes. Reports very sadly confirm 12 people have died, with many more injured.
Forty fire engines rushed to Grenfell Tower on the Lancaster West Estate, north Kensington, shortly after 1.15am.
Location: Lancaster West Estate, Latimer Road, North Kensington:
Blazing since around 12.45am GMT, reported the BBC. e-architect posted at 5am GMT and our thoughts are with all affected; the page will be updated once any architectural issues come to light.
The construction industry will need to learn from this fire, and why it happened. The 2009 Lakanal House tower block fire occurred in 2009 in Camberwell, South London. Six people were killed in this twelve storey tower block.
A residents action group report warnings went unheeded by relevant authorities:
“we have posted numerous warnings in recent years about the very poor fire safety standards at Grenfell Tower and elsewhere in RBKC.
ALL OUR WARNINGS FELL ON DEAF EARS and we predicted that a catastrophe like this was inevitable and just a matter of time.”
Grenfell Action Group
A building fire expert advised that floor-to-floor fire spread occurring over full height suggests malpractice has occurred.
The London Mayor has declared it a major incident.
Grenfell Tower Fire in West London
Floors: 24
Date built: 1974
Residential units: 120
Architecture firm: Clifford Wearden and Associates
Lead architect: Nigel Whitbread
Grenfell Tower comprises 20 storeys of residential flats and four storeys of community/office spaces at podium level.
It is roughly square in plan and the residential floors are identical: 4no. 2-bed flats – one on each corner –and 2no. 1-bed flats – one facing east and the other west. The north and south elevations are almost identical, as are the east and west.
Main contractor Rydon appear to have submitted for a £8.7 million renewal over 66 weeks, focused on an internal reconfiguration of podium levels and external recladding. This work was carried out in 2015-16.
source: Grenfell Tower London – skyscrapercity.com
Refurbishment was applied for in 2012 of existing Grenfell Tower including new external cladding and fenestration, alterations to plant room, reconfiguration of lower 4 levels to provide 7 new residential units, replacement nursery and boxing club facilities, external public realm works, redevelopment and change of use of existing garages to refuse collection area.
Scope of work: ACM rainscreen over-clad, replacement windows, curtain walling, louvres, feature metalwork
Client: Royal Borough of Kensington & Chelsea
Architect: Studio E
“The upgrade work includes new windows, insulation and cladding, and a complete upgrade to the heating system. A new entrance and new flats will be created within the podium levels.”
source: Grenfell Tower facade cladding architects – Studio E (website now offline)
The UK has stringent Building Regulations so the extent of the blaze is surprising. Lessons will have to be learnt – a resident suggested the new external cladding might be partly to blame for extent of fire spread – but for now our thoughts are with the people involved.
image courtesy of architects via planning portal
source: https://www.rbkc.gov.uk/planning/searches
London mayor Sadiq Khan tweeted: “Major incident declared at Grenfell Tower in Kensington” and urged people to follow London Fire Brigade on Twitter.
Location: Lancaster West estate, North Kensington, London, England, UK
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